Premature Heart Disease

Premature heart disease

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Cardiovascular disease is responsible for about one of every three deaths in the United States. On average, coronary artery disease (CAD) will take a life every minute this year. Heart attacks and cardiac deaths are so common that they almost seem natural and inevitable. When a 70- or 80-year-old succumbs, it gets little attention — but eyes widen when a 30- or 40-year-old is stricken. In fact, the risk of heart disease rises steadily and sharply with age. Still, CAD is far from rare in younger men.

Why do some young men have heart attacks — and what does it tell us about heart disease in middle age and beyond?

Young at heart?

CAD is very rare in males too young to drive, but it begins to creep up after men are old enough to vote. In the U.S., the average age for a first heart attack in men is 65. That's why coronary artery disease is labeled a disease of senior citizens. But as many as 4% to 10% of all heart attacks occur before age 45, and most of these strike men. It's a reminder that men should not ignore warning symptoms just because they are "too young" to have heart disease. And since atherosclerosis can — and does — start in youth, it's a reminder that prevention should start early in life before problems develop.

What breaks young hearts?

In older men, nearly all heart attacks are caused by atherosclerotic blockages in coronary arteries. Conventional coronary artery disease also predominates in young adults, accounting for about 80% of heart attacks. About 60% of these young patients have disease of just one coronary artery, while older patients are more likely to have disease in two or three arteries.

Because CAD is the most important cause of early heart attacks, it deserves the most attention. But the other causes should also be considered. In broad numbers, about 4% of heart attacks in young adults are triggered by inborn abnormalities of the coronary artery anatomy. Five percent can be attributed to blood clots that originate elsewhere and are carried in the bloodstream to otherwise normal coronary arteries, where they block the artery. And in another 5%, various disorders of the blood clotting system increase the risk of clot formation throughout the circulatory system, including in coronary arteries.

A wide range of problems account for the remaining 6% of heart attacks in young adults. They include spasm or inflammation of the coronary arteries, radiation therapy for chest tumors, chest trauma, and abuse of cocaine, amphetamines, or other drugs.

Each of these problems is tragic in its own right. But because it's both common and preventable, atherosclerosis is the greatest tragedy of all.

Sudden death in young adults

When a young person dies suddenly, a heart attack often gets the blame. But a study of 126 sudden deaths in American military recruits age 18 to 35 tells a different story. Only about half of these tragic deaths were due to any type of heart disease, and of these, only 28% had coronary atherosclerosis. That's still a shocking prevalence in this young population, but it's overshadowed by other types of heart disease, including inborn abnormalities of the coronary artery anatomy (33%), inflammation of the heart muscle (20%), and structural abnormalities of the heart muscle (13%). A variety of other cardiac abnormalities accounted for a few additional cases.

Other studies from around the world report similar findings. Scientists presume that silent, undetected disorders of the heart's pumping rhythm account for many of the sudden deaths in patients with structurally normal hearts. Other causes include drug abuse, blood clots that travel to the lungs, and brain hemorrhages.

What is atherosclerosis?

Doctors usually explain atherosclerosis as "hardening of the arteries," but it's actually much more complex. Thanks to the ancient Greeks, the name itself conveys some of that complexity: athere is Greek for "porridge," while sclerosis means "hardening." In fact, atherosclerosis begins with deposits of soft, fatty material; only later does this mush build up in plaques that narrow the artery and stiffen its walls.

Atherosclerosis begins in the blood, not the arteries. Excess amounts of LDL, the "bad" cholesterol, enter the inner lining of arteries, gradually building from tiny crystals into larger deposits that are visible as fatty streaks. Arteries damaged by smoking, high blood pressure, or diabetes are particularly vulnerable. The fatty streaks cause no harm, and if enough HDL, the "good" cholesterol, is in the blood, it can snatch cholesterol away from the artery, limiting damage. Reducing LDL cholesterol levels, lowering blood pressure, controlling diabetes and obesity, and avoiding tobacco can also help — but without help, the fatty streaks may slowly enlarge into plaques.

Early plaques are still small and soft. White blood cells called macrophages gobble up cholesterol, but instead of containing the damage, they add fuel to the fire by triggering inflammation. As things progress, the muscle cells in the artery wall enlarge, and the plaques grow into partial blockages.

Larger, mature plaques develop fibrous caps and stop enlarging. These stable plaques can cause the chest pain called angina, but they don't usually trigger heart attacks. However, smaller, younger plaques that are unstable can rupture. Blood clots form on the ruptured plaques, as the body makes another attempt to contain damage. As in the case of inflammation, though, the body's defense turns into offense: the clot completely blocks the artery, depriving a portion of the heart muscle of oxygen-rich blood. That's what kills muscle cells and produces a heart attack.

Heart attacks are swift, occurring in a matter of minutes. But atherosclerosis itself is slow, developing over years — and it often begins in childhood.

Head start to heartache

To study the origins of atherosclerosis, scientists from 15 medical centers formed the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) research group. Over a 7-year period, they investigated cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in 2,876 people between the ages of 15 and 34; about three-quarters were male. All were victims of accidents, homicides, or suicides who had been autopsied shortly after death. The researchers looked for evidence of atherosclerosis, reviewed the victims' medical records, and analyzed blood specimens to measure cholesterol levels and detect thiocyanate, a chemical indicator of smoking.

The results were striking, particularly for the male subjects. Fatty streaks of atherosclerosis were identified in coronary arteries as early as age 15, and became progressively more prevalent over the 20-year age span covered by the study. In all, about 2% of the youngest males and 8% of the oldest had evidence of coronary artery disease. As expected, subjects who'd had the highest LDL cholesterol levels, lowest HDL cholesterol levels, highest blood pressures, and highest blood sugars had the most disease. Even in these adolescents and young adults, smoking and obesity also increased the risk of atherosclerosis.

Children and tobacco

At all ages, smoking is the most powerful single contributor to atherosclerosis, and research continues to add to the evidence that exposure to secondhand smoke is also an important culprit. A 2007 study shows that passive smoking is hazardous to children; children who had been exposed to environmental smoke during daily life demonstrated significant impairment of their arteries' ability to widen when their tissues needed more blood. Since the subjects were just 11 years old, it's easy to see how continued exposure can lead to illness in early adulthood.

Events before birth

In 2007, a team of scientists from the U.S., U.K., and Australia reviewed 18 studies of birth weight and subsequent heart disease. In all, the analysis evaluated over 7,500 heart attacks in more than 147,000 individuals. The researchers concluded that low birth weight increases the risk of heart disease later in life; in round numbers, a difference of one pound at birth accounts for a 5%–10% change in risk over the course of a lifetime. Low birth weight is also associated with an increased risk of stroke in adulthood.

Doctors don't know how a baby's weight at birth affects his risk of atherosclerosis decades later. Poor maternal nutrition is one possibility; others include low socioeconomic status and maternal smoking. Whatever the root cause, babies born small have an increased risk of developing high blood pressure, insulin resistance, and high cholesterol in childhood. Rapid catch-up weight gain in infancy and childhood adds to the risk.

Good maternal health might reduce the burden of heart disease and stroke in adults. And attention to heart disease risk factors in children and adolescents is even more likely to help.

Staying young at heart

Although atherosclerosis often begins in youth, its clinical impact grows steadily over the years. As a result, a 50-year-old American man has a one-in-two risk of developing heart disease during the rest of his life. That's because cardiac risk factors are present in so many American men. But can a gent without risk factors beat the odds?

Yes. In a study of 3,564 men, the Framingham Heart Study evaluated the cardiac impact of six major risk factors: high total cholesterol, low HDL ("good") cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and smoking. A man who is free of all six has a remarkably low 5% risk of developing cardiovascular disease by age 95. In contrast, the risk for a man with two or more risk factors is 69%. In addition, a risk-free man can expect to enjoy 11 more years of life than a man with two or more risk factors.

Making young arteries old

The lion's share of heart disease in young adults is caused by the same risk factors that cause coronary artery disease in older men. The culprits include a family history of heart disease, smoking, high cholesterol, hypertension and prehypertension, abdominal obesity, diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, lack of exercise, hostility, elevated levels of C-reactive protein, and low educational attainment.

The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study put some of these risks into perspective. The researchers evaluated over 5,000 young adults age 18 to 30, then monitored them for up to 15 years to find out how their risk factors influenced coronary artery calcifications, as detected by CT scanning. Smoking 10 cigarettes a day increased the likelihood of CAD by 50%; each 30 mg/dL rise in LDL cholesterol increased risk by 50%; each 10 mm Hg rise in systolic blood pressure increased risk by 30%; and each 15 mg/dL rise in blood sugar levels increased risk by 20%.

Unfortunately, risk factors increase in the teen years, particularly in boys. After puberty, insulin resistance and triglycerides rise in males and HDL cholesterol levels fall, while girls enjoy opposite, and protective, changes. Hormones account for some of this, but so do health habits; for example, teenage boys smoke more and eat more fast food than girls, while the amount of exercise they get starts to decrease.

Is ignorance bliss?

Scientists know that many factors increase the risk of heart disease; unfortunately, though, a lot of young adults are clueless. A survey of more than 4,000 healthy individuals with an average age of 30 found that over 65% were unable to identify any of the six major cardiac risk factors. The Harvard Men's Health Watchmasthead proclaims that knowledge is power, but the converse is also true: ignorance is risk.

The outlook for young heart attack patients

At any age, a heart attack is a very serious event. It seems logical that the outlook would be particularly dire for a patient stricken early in life. But does the prediction hold up?

Yes and no. The short-term outlook for heart attack victims younger than 45 is actually better than for older patients, perhaps because they often have single-vessel disease and well-preserved heart muscle. But a heart attack is just the tip of the atherosclerosis iceberg, and without dramatic interventions, the disease is likely to progress. In one study of men who had a heart attack at an average age of just 36, 30% were dead within 15 years. In another study of men and women who were stricken before age 40, only 1% died within a year, but 25% died in less than 15 years.

Childish ways

Young adults don't seem to know much about cardiac risk factors, and young children don't seem to do much to help themselves. According to the National Children and Youth Fitness survey, only 36% of America's children exercise appropriately, and only 32% can pass a simple physical fitness test. And the USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion reports that the dietary habits of children in the United States could use some improvement. Children between the ages of 2 and 17 are not eating enough whole fruits or dark green and orange vegetables. At the same time, they are consuming too much saturated fat and sodium. In addition, more children are overweight than ever before — CDC statistics show that 17% of children between the ages of 6 and 11 years old are obese. To make matters worse, even after the demise of Joe Camel, about 3,000 American teenagers still become hooked on smoking every day.

Turning the tide

Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the United States, as it is in all industrialized countries. Doctors have made great progress in treating heart disease, but prevention is the best treatment of all. Slowly but surely, men are getting the message; smoking and dietary fat intake are down, but exercise habits haven't improved much, and obesity continues to increase.

Obstetricians should work to improve maternal health habits. Pediatricians and family practitioners should screen for cardiac risk factors and encourage healthful behavior. Grown men can, and should, do much more for themselves, and they should also set a good example for their children. It's never too late to start a program of good nutrition and regular exercise — and it's never too early, either.

William Wordsworth was right; in 1807, the poet wrote, "The child is father of the man." Atherosclerosis often begins early in life, which is just when prevention should begin.